The powerful April 25 earthquake in Nepal damaged 14 existing hydropower dams, including the 45-megawatt Upper Bhotekoshi Hydropower Project, according to the Nepal Electric Authority. JM DAVIES and JG YOUNG. It is clear that number of seismic events increases near reservoir areas of large dams after impounding sequence. [8] states that SEE may be chosen to have a lower return period depending on the consequences of dam failure. It investigates the effects of earthquake on dams, also effects of dam on earthquake occurrence. Lau, B. Noruziaan, A.G. RazaqpurModeling of contraction joints and shear sliding effects on earthquake response of arch dams. Typical values of a were 0.05 to 0.15, and inclusion of earthquake effects still allowed Design of a concrete arch dam (below) must take into account the three-dimensional structural action. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. The seismic sources should be identified and the recurrence interval of earthquakes should be estimated. There are some important cases, which subjected to damages and failures after earthquake. Also, Terbela dam with a reservoir of 13 690 hm3 in Pakistan can be classified as high risk dam when considered this phenomena. It can also be seen for a reservoir after a certain time lag [5]. Seismic zones and earthquakes within the area having a radius of 100 km around the dam site should be considered. Earthquake effects on dams mainly depend on dam types. It means a 50 percent probability of not being exceeded in 100 years. It mentions main requirements for large dams on view of earthquake engineering to find rational design solutions. However, it is very difficult to accurately predict when and where reservoir induced earthquake will occur. There is no one major problem in seismic safety of embankment dams. 6.4 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction Effects 115. There are some important cases that strong earthquakes may affect a large area. As a result of an extensive survey and a search of available literature [28, 29, 31]. Its embankment with the structures on crest slid into the reservoir. 7.1.1 Choice of Example 117. The most serious case may be the 7.9-magnitude Sichuan earthquake in May 12, 2008, which killed an estimated 90,000 people. The reservoir capacity is an important factor in triggering earthquakes as well as reservoir depth. The author points out the fact that these dams are under the influence of local near-source zone and have high-risk potential for earthquake conditions. Submitted: April 24th 2014Reviewed: October 7th 2014Published: May 20th 2015, Home > Books > Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures, *Address all correspondence to: htosun@ogu.edu.tr, Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures. To sign up for alerts, please log in first. Possible effects of earthquakes on earth dams are outlined and illustrated by descriptions of the performance of the Hebgen Dam in the Hebgen Lake earthquake of 1959, the Sheffield Dam in the Santa Barbara earthquake of 1925 and the San Fernando Dams in the San Fernando earthquake of 9 Feb. 1971. Figure 1 shows buckling of river embankment lining after the earthquake. Researchers states that Terhi dam might release energy along the fault segment between Nepal and Tibet and also trigger an earthquake which has a magnitude close to or greater than 8.0. Whereas near source effect seems the most serious problem for embankment dams. So many dams and hydropower plants were damaged. Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE), which is the largest earthquake magnitude that could occur along a recognized fault or within a particular seismo-tectonic province, was obtained for each zone and the most critical framework for the dam site was selected as Controlling Maximum Credible Earthquake (CMCE). Search: "Dams Earthquake effects" Showing 1 - 10 results of 10 for search ' "Dams Earthquake effects" ' , query time: 0.04s Refine Results Sort … Seismic design of embankment dams often requires an assessment of the earthquake induced ground and dam movements. P.G. Both dams are still in operation after strengthened. The alluvium on river bed, which is composed of sand, gravel, clay and silt mixtures, was removed before beginning the construction of the main embankment. The subjects presented in the paper were addressed by the international committees and recent surveys. It generally represents the ground motion with 475 years of return period [28]. Therefore, RTS should be defined sensitively as based on local geologic units and tectonic structures by means a detail seismic hazard analysis. (2) Hsinfengkiang dam, which a buttress dam having a height of 105 m in China. 6.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass 112. Effects on earth dams of drawdown scenarios imposed after a strong earthquake Sica et al. It generally means the state change from solid to liquid. Methods of analysis for a dam located on active seismic area in Turkey. HanPlasticity for structural engineers. This earthquake has been related to the construction of the Zipingpu Dam, which is a 156 m high concrete faced rockfill dam with a reservoir of 1 120 hm3. It is known as the earthquake that produces the ground motions at the site that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project [3]. A good example to damages resulted by ground shaking vibrations in dams is Sefid buttress dam, which was damaged near crest due to ground shaking the 1990 Manjil earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 in Iran. The earthquakes that occurred within the last 100 years should be used for estimating seismic parameters. It is clear that active faults, which are located close to dam sites, can induce to damaging deformation of the embankment as based on instability of the dam and strength loss of foundation materials. Dams are often built in active earthquake areas; Reservoirs can trigger earthquakes; Some water supply structures are susceptible to earthquake motion. There is a transition section of sand, gravel and small sized crushed rock between the core and rockfill materials. Due to the unavailability of strong motion records, various attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) acting on dam sites. During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake. Effects of Earthquake. Wieland (2010) state that until the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 no large concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) was subjected to strong ground shaking. In other words, approximately 3.0 million cubic meter of dam embankment was displaced into the reservoir. This phenomenon is defined as Reservoir-induced Seismicity that is mainly depended to excessive water pressure created in the micro-cracks and fissures in the foundation units under and near the reservoir. It may be pointed out that in the ground surface composed of unconsolidated geomaterials, such as alluvium, colluvium, artificially infilled and levelled depressions, swamp deposits reclaimed through the dumping of coarse sands and city garbage, the vibration of earthquakes … Recommend this journal Dam managers should be aware of the risk of rapidly emptying the reservoir immediately after a major earthquake, in the unjustified belief that they are proceeding in the safest way. This means one must consider both the inertial effect of the structural mass as well as that of the water in the artificial reservoir. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures. For large dams located on non active seismic area, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) can be more critical. According to [3], MDE is normally characterized by a level of motion equal to that expected at the dam site from the occurrence of deterministically evaluated MCE and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) should be used for critical structures located in very active seismic area. 6.3.1 Dam–Foundation Interaction Effects 112. Dams and large reservoirs constructed on the area with high seismicity, pose a high-risk potential for downstream life and property. Scientists have realized so many researches for explaining the behavior of earth structures under seismic forces. This paper gives an overview on the effects of earthquake on dams and effects of dam on earthquake occurrence, and points out the necessity of special design and construction measures for the dams, which are under the effects of strong ground motions. Local arrivals in Assisi fell drastically the month following the main shock, compared to the same month of the previous year. Because dams located on active faults pose significant risk for total stability of project and public safety. According to [9], safety requirements for concrete dams subjected to dynamic loadings should involve evaluation of the overall stability of the structure, such as verifying its ability to resist induced lateral forces and moments and preventing excessive cracking of the concrete. DESIGN CHARTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CIRCULAR COLUMNS IN ACCORDANCE WITH EUROCODE 2. The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Terhi dam in India has also similar position under dynamic loading conditions. These dams included most of those shaken in 1971. Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments. If you need an account, please register here, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Other potential earthquake triggers he … The author’s thought was absolutely confirmed by damage on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 on Surgu dam. Earthquakes inflict great damage to human structures such as buildings, roads, rails, factories, dams, bridges etc. Most of large dams in Turkey were analyzed by using these definitions [28]. The Bozova fault, which is very close to dam body, can be a source of earthquake triggered by the reservoir of Ataturk dam. For the dams, which are under near source effect, embankment type with clay core seems more appropriate type because of being self-repairing properties of clay material when this type is technically and economically feasible for the selected dam site. Buckling of river embankment lining after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake [32]. This leads to formation of reservoir in which a large portion of land is submerged along with the river course on which the dam is made. Active faults pose the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure when they are located very close to dam site. 1952 Electric analog indicates effect of horizontal earthquake shock on dams. Zangar, C. N. & Haefeli, R. J. This study presents three-dimensional linear earthquake response of an arch dam. This fault can produce an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 to 7.0. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first example failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. The purpose of this paper is to sketch the state of the art in dam engineering, as based on lessons learnt from seismic events. If ther happens to be any known fault plane in the reservoir area, this sudden increase in pore-water-pressure … Confidence in these applications of NDAs may be significantly improved by establishing calibration and analysis protocols … Ataturk dam, which is a 169 m height zoned rockfill dam on the Euphrates River in Turkey with an 84 000 hm3 of water reservoir, poses high risk about triggering phenomena by reservoir. Researchers state that earthquakes were caused in their reservoirs by RTS. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Because the fault is very close to the dam site. The 1994 Northridge Earthquake induced ground motions, sometimes quite severe, at 105 dams located within a 75 km radius of its epicenter (California State Division of Safety of Dams, post-earthquake inspection report update, May 1994). It has also a coarse grained soil zone obtained from river deposits and a random zone, which is composed of laminated limestone. In Turkey, it is defined as a level of ground motion having 2 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of earthquake direction on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams subjected to seismic sequences. Several sources have been identified to help analyzing the seismic hazard of dams in Turkey and surrounding countries. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, some ground movement with minor cracking seems to have occurred at the sites of Los Angeles Dam, which was constructed to replace the San Fernando Reservoir. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures. Given the excess residuals as reported in Table 2, the passage to monetary values is straightforward. One of the Namada Valley dam, which is built at the triple junction of the fault zones, tectonically and geologically a disturbed area. The seismic activity of dam sites is generally analyzed by two methods: (1) The deterministic seismic hazard analysis and (2) The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. NDAs provide insights on potential failure modes and serve as a basis for generating fragility curves for risk analyses. This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. F A MOHAMMAD, B MERRONY and . earthquake for earth dams decreased approximately 4 0 percent. It was located 3.0 m far away from the dam body and has a parallel position to the dam crest. PROFESSOR CHARLES FREWEN JENKIN, CBE, FRS, 1865-1940. This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. There are some examples in India for structures located at the northern India. Pile response to multi-directional lateral loading using P–y curves approach. Built by scientists, for scientists. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first known dam failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. The earthquake intensity in dam site and reservoir area has been increased after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir water level fluctuations. 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